POLISH ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Division IV: Engineering Sciences

Committee on Metrology
and Scientific Instrumentation
VOLUME XVII - NUMBER 4/2010 [previous] [next]

CONTENTS

1. Roman Z. Morawski - Ethical aspects of research in technoscience511
2. G. Betta, D. Capriglione, G. Miele - How to use traditional spectrum analyzers for correct evaluation of the human exposure to electromagnetic fields generated by wimax devices525
3. Adam G. Polak, G. Głomb, T. Guszkowski, I. Jabłoński, B. Kasprzak, J. Pękala, Andrzej F. Stępień, Z. Świerczyński, J. Mroczka - Telemedical system "pulmotel-2010" for monitoring patients with chronic pulmonary diseases537
4. A. Kwiatkowski, M. Gnyba, J. Smulko, P. Wierzba - Algorithms of chemicals detection using raman spectra549
5. Jiang Cui, Youren Wang - A novel approach of analog fault classification using a support vector machines classifier561
6. Niveen Farid Abdel Maaboud, Mohamed Sadek El- Bahrawi, Fedia Abdel-Aziz - Digital holography in flatness and crack investigation583
7. Ł. Ćwikliński, W. Kiciński - Management of memory in a real-time measurement system based on a signal processor589
8. M. Poniatowska, A. Werner - Fitting spatial models of geometric deviations of free-form surfaces determined in coordinate measurements599
9. A. Boryczko - Distribution of roughness and waviness components of turned surface profiles611
10. S. Dudzik - Approximation of thermal background applied to defect detection using the methods of active thermography621
11. J. Gębicki, A. Kloskowski - Electrochemical sensor for measurement of volatile organic compounds employing square wave perturbation voltage637
12. Short Note JANUSZ MROCZKA - Corresponding member of polish academy of sciences651

ABSTRACTS & FULL PAPERS

511 contents

ETHICAL ASPECTS OF RESEARCH IN TECHNOSCIENCE

Roman Z. Morawski

Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Electronics and Information Technology, Nowowiejska 15/19, 00-665 Warsaw, Poland (r.morawski@ire.pw.edu.pl, +48 22 432 7721)

Abstract
The paper contains an overview of ethical issues related to technoscience, followed by a more detailed presentation of ethical aspects of measurement-based experimentation, publishing peer-reviewing practices. The need for increased sensitivity of scientists to this kind of issues is justified by the evolution of research institutions in the postmodern era.

Keywords: research ethics, scientific misconduct.

© 2010 Polish Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved

Full paper (PDF, 377kB)
525 contents

HOW TO USE TRADITIONAL SPECTRUM ANALYZERS FOR CORRECT EVALUATION OF THE HUMAN EXPOSURE TO ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS GENERATED BY WIMAX DEVICES

Giovanni Betta, Domenico Capriglione, Gianfranco Miele

University of Cassino, Faculty of Engineering, DAEIMI, Via Di Biasio 43, 03043 Cassino (FR), Italy (betta@unicas.it, +39 077 6299 3629, capriglione@unicas.it, g.miele@unicas.it)

Abstract
Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX), based on the IEEE 802.16 standards, is a technology that offers low cost mobile broadband access to multimedia and internet applications for operators and end-users. Similarly to cellular phone or other Radio Frequency devices, WiMAX has to be considered as a possible source of electromagnetic pollution and so monitoring its emission could be necessary to verify compliance with the applicable emission limits. Generally, the monitoring of the electromagnetic pollution is performed by means of a suitable measurement chain constituted by an antenna connected to a traditional spectrum analyzer. The use of this kind of device to measure the power of digital modulated noise-like signals, such as WiMAX, requires to use proper measurement methods and to carefully set many instrument parameters to obtain reliable measurement results, otherwise a significant underestimate or overestimate of the human exposure can be obtained.
In this framework, this paper investigates the feasibility of using the traditional spectrum analyzer to perform the electromagnetic pollution measurements due to WiMAX devices. A large experimental campaign is carried out to identify the most proper measurement method and spectrum analyzer settings able to warrant reliable measurements.

Keywords: electromagnetic field measurements, spectrum analyzer, power measurements, WiMAX, EMC.

© 2010 Polish Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved

Full paper (PDF, 420kB)
537 contents

TELEMEDICAL SYSTEM "PULMOTEL-2010" FOR MONITORING PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC PULMONARY DISEASES

Adam G. Polak, Grzegorz Głomb, Tomasz Guszkowski, Ireneusz Jabłoński, Bogdan Kasprzak, Janusz Pękala, Andrzej F. Stępień, Zbigniew Świerczyński, Janusz Mroczka

Wroclaw University of Technology, Chair of Electronic and Photonic Metrology, B. Prusa 53/55, 50-317 Wroclaw, Poland (adam.polak@pwr.wroc.pl, +48 71 320 6581, grzegorz.glomb@pwr.wroc.pl, tomasz.guszkowski@pwr.wroc.pl, ireneusz.jablonski@pwr.wroc.pl, bogdan.kasprzak@pwr.wroc.pl, janusz.pekala@pwr.wroc.pl, andrzej.f.stepien@pwr.wroc.pl, zbigniew.swierczynski@pwr.wroc.pl, janusz.mroczka@pwr.wroc.pl)

Abstract
Telemedicine is one of the most innovative and promising applications of technology in contemporary medicine. Telemedical systems, a sort of distributed measurement systems, are used for continuous or periodic monitoring of human vital signals in the environment of living. This approach has several advantages in comparison to traditional medical care: e.g. patients experience fewer hospitalizations, emergency room visits, lost time from work, the costs of treatment are reduced, and the quality of life is improved. Currently, chronic respiratory diseases comprise one of the most serious public health problems. Simultaneously patients suffering from these diseases are well suitable for home monitoring. This paper describes the design and technical realization of a telemedical system that has been developed as a platform suitable for monitoring patients with chronic pulmonary diseases and fitted to Polish conditions. The paper focuses on the system's architecture, included medical tests, adopted hardware and software, and preliminary internal evaluation. The performed tests demonstrated good overall performance of the system. At present further work goes on to put it into practice.

Keywords: telemedicine, distributed measurement system, web services, spirometry, interrupter technique.

© 2010 Polish Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved

Full paper (PDF, 698kB)
549 contents

ALGORITHMS OF CHEMICALS DETECTION USING RAMAN SPECTRA

Andrzej Kwiatkowski, Marcin Gnyba, Janusz Smulko, Paweł Wierzba

Gdansk University of Technology, Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Informatics, G. Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland (akwiatkowski@zak.eti.pg.gda.pl, mgnyba@eti.pg.gda.pl, jsmulko@eti.pg.gda.pl +48 58 348 6095, pwierzba@eti.pg.gda.pl)

Abstract
Raman spectrometers are devices which enable fast and non-contact identification of examined chemicals. These devices utilize the Raman phenomenon to identify unknown and often illicit chemicals (e.g. drugs, explosives) without the necessity of their preparation. Now, Raman devices can be portable and therefore can be more widely used to improve security at public places. Unfortunately, Raman spectra measurements is a challenge due to noise and interferences present outside the laboratories. The design of a portable Raman spectrometer developed at the Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Informatics, Gdansk University of Technology is presented. The paper outlines sources of interferences present in Raman spectra measurements and signal processing techniques required to reduce their influence (e.g. background removal, spectra smoothing). Finally, the selected algorithms for automated chemicals classification are presented. The algorithms compare the measured Raman spectra with a reference spectra library to identify the sample. Detection efficiency of these algorithms is discussed and directions of further research are outlined.

Keywords: data processing algorithms, noise, interferences, Raman spectroscopy.

© 2010 Polish Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved

Full paper (PDF, 626kB)
561 contents

A NOVEL APPROACH OF ANALOG FAULT CLASSIFICATION USING A SUPPORT VECTOR MACHINES CLASSIFIER

Jiang Cui, Youren Wang

College of Automation Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautcs, Nanjing City, Jiangsu Province, China (cuijiang@nuaa.edu.cn, +86 137 7065 3061)

Abstract
In order to make the analog fault classification more accurate, we present a method based on the Support Vector Machines Classifier (SVC) with wavelet packet decomposition (WPD) as a preprocessor. In this paper, the conventional one-against-rest SVC is resorted to perform a multi-class classification task because this classifier is simple in terms of training and testing. However, this SVC needs all decision functions to classify the query sample. In our study, this classifier is improved to make the fault classification task more fast and efficient. Also, in order to reduce the size of the feature samples, the wavelet packet analysis is employed. In our investigations, the wavelet analysis can be used as a tool of feature extractor or noise filter and this preprocessor can improve the fault classification resolution of the analog circuits. Moreover, our investigation illustrates that the SVC can be applicable to the domain of analog fault classification and this novel classifier can be viewed as an alternative for the back-propagation (BP) neural network classifier.

Keywords: analog circuits, fault classification, Support Vector Machines Classifier, Neural Networks, wavelet packet decomposition.

© 2010 Polish Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved

Full paper (PDF, 4321kB)
583 contents

DIGITAL HOLOGRAPHY IN FLATNESS AND CRACK INVESTIGATION

Niveen Farid Abdel Maaboud, Mohamed Sadek El- Bahrawi, Fedia Abdel-Aziz

National Institute for Standards, Optical Metrology Department, Tersa st., Haram, P.O.B 136, 12211, Giza, Egypt (niveen_farid@hotmail.com, +202 3388 9760, m.bahrawi@hotmail.com, fadia@nis.sci.eg)

Abstract
Digital holography (DH) which is the technology of acquiring and processing measurement data via a CCD camera is spreading to industrial applications, finds wide employment in engineering problems of testing and investigation. In this paper, a simple digital holographic system, comprising a He-Ne laser source, CCD camera and analyzing software, is used for testing surface flatness and detecting the presence of a propagating crack on the surface plane and the effect of the crack on the neighborhood. Phase variations across the surfaces planes are extracted to represent the surface deviation from a reference plane. The analysis methods differ according to the interference fringes in the recorded holograms. Both fringe tracking and Fourier transform with phase unwrapping methods are used in the interpretation of interferometric fringe patterns.

Keywords: digital holography, fringe analysis, flatness testing, crack investigation.

© 2010 Polish Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved

Full paper (PDF, 526kB)
589 contents

MANAGEMENT OF MEMORY IN A REAL-TIME MEASUREMENT SYSTEM BASED ON A SIGNAL PROCESSOR

Łukasz Ćwikliński, Wiesław Kiciński

Nicolaus Copernicus University, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Informatics, Grudziądzka 5, 87-100 Torun, Poland (lukasz.cwiklinski@fizyka.umk.pl, w.kicinski@fizyka.umk.pl, +48 56 611 3343)

Abstract
The problem of management of memory in a signal processor has been discussed on the example of time parameters measurement system of transient signals. General rules of memory management and allocation in TMS320C6713 DSK have been described.

Keywords: memory management, signal processor, measurement system.

© 2010 Polish Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved

Full paper (PDF, 359kB)
599 contents

FITTING SPATIAL MODELS OF GEOMETRIC DEVIATIONS OF FREE-FORM SURFACES DETERMINED IN COORDINATE MEASUREMENTS

Małgorzata Poniatowska, Andrzej Werner

Bialystok University of Technology, Division of Production Engineering, Wiejska 45C, 15-351 Bialystok, Poland (mponiat@pb.edu.pl, +48 85 746 9261, anwer@pb.edu.pl)

Abstract
Local geometric deviations of free-form surfaces are determined as normal deviations of measurement points from the nominal surface. Different sources of errors in the manufacturing process result in deviations of different character, deterministic and random. The different nature of geometric deviations may be the basis for decomposing the random and deterministic components in order to compute deterministic geometric deviations and further to introduce corrections to the processing program. Local geometric deviations constitute a spatial process. The article suggests applying the methods of spatial statistics to research on geometric deviations of free-form surfaces in order to test the existence of spatial autocorrelation. Identifying spatial correlation of measurement data proves the existence of a systematic, repetitive processing error. In such a case, the spatial modelling methods may be applied to fitting a surface regression model representing the deterministic deviations. The first step in model diagnosing is to examine the model residuals for the probability distribution and then the existence of spatial autocorrelation.

Keywords: geometric deviations, free-form surface, coordinate measurements, spatial modelling, spatial autocorrelation.

© 2010 Polish Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved

Full paper (PDF, 3050kB)
611 contents

DISTRIBUTION OF ROUGHNESS AND WAVINESS COMPONENTS OF TURNED SURFACE PROFILES

Adam Boryczko

Gdansk University of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland (aboryczk@pg.gda.pl, + 48 58 347 1478)

Abstract
The paper presents a spectral formulation of surface profile irregularity in a wideband frequency range for roughness, waviness and shape components along the measured length. A unique distribution of roughness and waviness components is proposed, according to the nature of their origination in the course of machining with tools of defined cutting edge, as distinct from standard filtration in measurements of surface irregularities. Differences resulting from both formulations are outlined as well as the method of determining the frequency of component separation for surface roughness and waviness.

Keywords: surface irregularity, roughness, waviness, spectral analysis of surface irregularities.

© 2010 Polish Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved

Full paper (PDF, 464kB)
621 contents

APPROXIMATION OF THERMAL BACKGROUND APPLIED TO DEFECT DETECTION USING THE METHODS OF ACTIVE THERMOGRAPHY

Sebastian Dudzik

Czestochowa University of Technology, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Al. Armii Krajowej 17, 42-200 Częstochowa, Poland (sebdud@el.pcz.czest.pl, +48 34 325 0856)

Abstract
In the paper a method for correction of heating non-homogeneity applied in defect detection with the use of active thermography is presented. In the method an approximation of thermal background with second- and third-order surfaces was used, what made it possible to remove partially the background. In the paper the simulation results obtained with the abovementioned method are presented. An analysis of the influence of correction of heating non-homogeneity on the effectiveness of defect detection is also carried out. The simulations are carried out for thermograms obtained on the basis of experiments on a test sample with simulated defects, made of a material of low thermal diffusivity.

Keywords: active thermography, non-destructive testing, heating non-homogeneity correction.

© 2010 Polish Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved

Full paper (PDF, 871kB)
637 contents

ELECTROCHEMICAL SENSOR FOR MEASUREMENT OF VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS EMPLOYING SQUARE WAVE PERTURBATION VOLTAGE

Jacek Gębicki, Adam Kloskowski

Gdansk University of Technology, Chemical Faculty, 11/12 Narutowicza, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland (jg@chem.pg.gda.pl, +48 58 347 2752, adam.kloskowski@pg.gda.pl)

Abstract
The paper presents the results of investigation on a prototype sensor for measurement of benzaldehyde in air. Sensitivity and limit of quantification of the sensor were determined for different internal electrolytes using square wave voltammetry (SWV) as the detection technique. The working and counter electrodes were made of platinum. Ionic liquids 1-hexyl, 3-methylimidazolium chloride,1-hexyl, 3-methylimidazolium bis (trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imide and 1-butyl,3-methylimidazolium tricyanomethan constituted the internal electrolyte. A polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) membrane separated the gaseous medium from the electrolyte.

Keywords: sensor, VOCs, ionic liquid, square wave voltammetry, PDMS.

© 2010 Polish Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved

Full paper (PDF, 708kB)