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CONTENTS
| 1. Rak R.J., Kołodziej M., Majkowski A. - Brain-computer interface as measurement and control system The review paper | 427 |
| 2. Kujawinska M. , Porras-Aguilar R., Zaperty W. - LCoS spatial light modulators as active phase elements of full-field measurement systems and sensors | 445 |
| 3. Mroczka J., Woźniak M., Onofri F.R.A. - Algorithms and methods for analysis of the optical structure factor of fractal aggregates | 459 |
| 4. Kisała P. - Metrological conditions of strain measurement optoelectronic method by the use of the fibre Bragg gratings | 471 |
| 5. Nawrocki W., Shukrinov Y.M. - Some quantum limits for scaling of electronic devices - estimations and measurements | 481 |
| 6. Zygarlicki J., Mroczka J. - Method of testing and correcting signal amplifiers' transfer function using Prony analysis | 489 |
| 7. Ajab M., Taj I.A., Khan N.A. - Comparative analysis of variants of Gabor-Wigner Transform for crossterm reduction | 499 |
| 8. Shi J.-Y., Lin X.-G., Shi M. - A key metric and its calculation models for a continuous diagnosis capability based on a dependency matrix | 509 |
| 9. Kowalczuk Z., Wszołek J. - Networked object monitor - a distributed system for monitoring, diagnostics and control of complex industrial facilities | 521 |
| 10. Adamczak S., Bochnia J., Kundera C. - Stress and strain measurements in static tensile tests | 531 |
| 11. Ratajczyk E., Rak M., Kowaluk T. - The influence of method of points collection on results with the use of measuring arm | 541 |
| 12. Dobosz M. - Laser diode distance measuring interferometer - metrological properties | 553 |
| 13. Křen P. - Laser frequency counting and frequency modulation width measurement from a FFT signal | 565 |
| 14. Dzwonkowski A., Swędrowski L. - Metrological analysis of measuring system for instantaneous power investigation | 573 |
| 15. Dou Y., Chang X. - In-situ automatic observations of ice thickness of seas | 583 |
| 16. Boroń K., Kos A. - Thermal model of selected parts of human hand and thermal touch screen for the blind | 593 |
| 17. Rouane A., Bru P. - High frequency metrology for intracardiac ablation: in-vivo results | 603 |
| 18. Chen J., Li H., Zhang M., Zhang Y. - New compensation scheme of magneto-optical current sensor for temperature stability improvement | 611 |
ABSTRACTS
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BRAIN-COMPUTER INTERFACE AS MEASUREMENT AND CONTROL SYSTEM THE REVIEW PAPER
Remigiusz J. Rak, Marcin Kołodziej, Andrzej Majkowski
Warsaw University of Technology, Institute of the Theory of Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Information Systems, Koszykowa 75, 00-662 Warsaw, Poland, (remigiusz.rak@ee.pw.edu.pl, marcin.kolodziej@ee.pw.edu.pl, andrzej.majkowski@ee.pw.edu.pl)
Abstract
In the last decade of the XX-th century, several academic centers have launched intensive research programs on the brain-computer interface (BCI). The current state of research allows to use certain properties of electromagnetic waves (brain activity) produced by brain neurons, measured using electroencephalographic techniques (EEG recording involves reading from electrodes attached to the scalp - the non-invasive method - or with electrodes implanted directly into the cerebral cortex - the invasive method). A BCI system reads the user's "intentions" by decoding certain features of the EEG signal. Those features are then classified and "translated" (on-line) into commands used to control a computer, prosthesis, wheelchair or other device. In this article, the authors try to show that the BCI is a typical example of a measurement and control unit.
Keywords: EEG, brain-computer interface, feature extraction, feature selection, measurement and control.
© 2012 Polish Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved
Full paper (PDF, 1252kB) |
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LCoS SPATIAL LIGHT MODULATORS AS ACTIVE PHASE ELEMENTS OF FULL-FIELD MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS AND SENSORS
Kujawinska Malgorzata, Porras-Aguilar Rosario, Zaperty Weronika
Warsaw University of Technology, Institute of Micromechanics and Photonics, Sw. Andrzeja Boboli 8, 02-525 Warsaw, (m.kujawinska@mchtr.pw.edu.pl, +48 222348489, ros.porras@gmail.com, w.zaperty@mchtr.pw.edu.pl)
Abstract
Spatial light modulators (SLM) are devices used to modulate amplitude, phase or polarization of a light wave in space and time. Current SLMs are based either on MEMS (micro-electro-mechanical system) or LCD (liquid crystal display) technology. Here we report on the parameters, trends in development and applications of phase SLMs based on liquid crystal on silicon (LCoS) technology.
LCoS technology was developed for front and rear projection systems competing with AMLCD (active matrix LCD) and DMD (Digital Mirror Device) SLM. The reflective arrangement due to silicon backplane allows to put a high number of pixels in a small panel, keeping the fill-factor ratio high even for micron-sized pixels.
For coherent photonics applications the most important type of LCoS SLM is a phase modulator. In the paper at first we describe the typical parameters of this device and the methods for its calibration. Later we present a review of applications of phase LCoS SLMs in imaging, metrology and beam manipulation, developed by the authors as well as known from the literature. These include active and adaptive interferometers, a smart holographic camera and holographic display, microscopy modified in illuminating and imaging paths and active sensors.
Keywords: spatial light modulators, liquid crystals on silicon, phase modulation, optical metrology, active interferometry, active microscopy, digital holography.
© 2012 Polish Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved
Full paper (PDF, 1165kB) |
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ALGORITHMS AND METHODS FOR ANALYSIS OF THE OPTICAL STRUCTURE FACTOR OF FRACTAL AGGREGATES
Janusz Mroczka1), Mariusz Woźniak1), Fabrice R.A. Onofri2)
1) Wroclaw University of Technology, Chair of Electronic and Photonic Metrology, ul. B. Prusa 53/55, 50-317 Wrocław, Poland (janusz.mroczka@pwr.wroc.pl, +48 71 320 62 32, mariusz.wozniak@pwr.wroc.pl, +48 71 320 62 25)
2) CNRS, Aix-Marseille University, IUSTI, UMR 7343, 5 rue Enrico Fermi, 13453 Cedex 13, Marseille, France (fabrice.onofri@polytech.univ-mrs.fr, + 33 491 106 892)
Abstract
We introduce numerical methods and algorithms to estimate the main parameters of fractal-like particle aggregates from their optical structure factor (i.e. light scattering diagrams). The first algorithm is based on a direct and simple method, but its applicability is limited to aggregates with large size parameter and intermediate fractal dimension. The second algorithm requires to build calibration curves based on accurate particle agglomeration and particle light scattering models. It allows analyzing the optical structure factor of much smaller aggregates, regardless of their fractal dimension and the size of the single particles. Therefore, this algorithm as well as the introduction of a criteria curve to detect the different scattering regimes, are thought to
be powerful tools to perform reliable and reproducible analyses.
Keywords: fractals, aggregates, light scattering, scattering diagrams, structure factor.
© 2012 Polish Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved
Full paper (PDF, 863kB) |
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METROLOGICAL CONDITIONS OF STRAIN MEASUREMENT OPTOELECTRONIC METHOD BY THE USE OF FIBRE BRAGG GRATINGS
Piotr Kisała
Lublin University of Technology, Department of Electronics, 38A Nadbystrzycka Street, 20-618 Lublin, Poland (p.kisala@pollub.pl)
Abstract
This article presents a linear strain measurement method insensitive to temperature variations and using fibre Bragg gratings. Two Bragg gratings were applied with periods selected to obtain partial coverage of their spectrum characteristics. One of the gratings was subjected to a tension strength. Placing both gratings in one thermal chamber allowed - through ensuring the same thermal conditions - to obtain insensitivity of the entire scheme to temperature variations. The gratings were recorded on the same optical fibre and reacted to temperature variations in the same degree. Value of strain was indicated based on the transmission spectrum characteristic of two grating schemes. The use of transmission, not reflectance, characteristics of the gratings allowed for a direct measurement of the spectrum, without having to use a coupler or optical circulators, and at the same time, this allowed to simplify the strain detection scheme. We proposed applying the continuous wavelet transform with characteristics of the spectrum scheme of two gratings for improvement of static properties. Especially, the thermal linearity and stability of the sensor was improved. For a strain range up to 750 µε, the non-linearity error of processing characteristic obtained was 0.45%. Thermal stability of the scheme proposed was defined as relative sensitivity of the power to temperature variations. The mean value of such relative sensitivity of the scheme proposed in the temperature scope of 21oC-95oC, amounted to 0.195.
Keywords: optoelectronic measurement methods, strain measurements, temperature insensitive, fibre Bragg gratings.
© 2012 Polish Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved
Full paper (PDF, 656kB) |
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SOME QUANTUM LIMITS FOR SCALING OF ELECTRONIC DEVICES - ESTIMATIONS AND MEASUREMENTS
Waldemar Nawrocki1), Yury M. Shukrinov2)
1) Poznan University of Technology, Faculty of Electronics and Telecommunications, ul. Piotrowo 3A, 60-965 Poznan, Poland (nawrocki@et.put.poznan.pl)
2) Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna, Russia
Abstract
In this paper we discuss some physical limits for scaling of transistors and conducting paths inside of semiconductor integrated circuits (ICs). Since 40 years only a semiconductor technology, mostly the CMOS and the TTL technologies, are used for fabrication of integrated circuits on an industrial scale. Miniaturization of electronic devices in integrated circuits has technological limits and physical limits as well. In 2010 best parameters of commercial ICs shown the Intel Core i5-670 processor manufactured in the technology of 32 nm. Its clock frequency in turbo mode is 3.73 GHz. A forecast of the development of the semiconductor industry (ITRS 2011) predicts that sizes of electronic devices in ICs circuits will be smaller than 10 nm in the next 10 years. At least 5 physical effects should be taken into account if we discuss limits of scaling of integrated circuits.
Keywords: nanostructure, quantum effect, integrated circuits.
© 2012 Polish Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved
Full paper (PDF, 692kB) |
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METHOD OF TESTING AND CORRECTING SIGNAL AMPLIFIERS' TRANSFER FUNCTION USING PRONY ANALYSIS
Jarosław Zygarlicki1), Janusz Mroczka2)
1) Opole University of Technology, Institute of Power Engineering, Prószkowska 76, 45-758 Opole, Poland (j.zygarlicki@po.opole.pl, +48 77 40 00 547)
2) Wroclaw University of Technology, Chair of Electronic and Photonic Metrology, Bolesława Prusa 53/55, 50-317 Wrocław, Poland (janusz.mroczka@pwr.wroc.pl, +48 71 320 62 32)
Abstract
This article presents a way of analyzing the transfer function of electronic signal amplifiers. It also describes the possibility of using signal precorrection which improves the parasitic harmonics in the THD (Total Harmonic Distortion) of the amplified signal by correcting linearity of the tested amplifiers transfer function. The proposed method of analyzing and presenting the transfer function allows to diagnose the causes of generating parasitic harmonics, what makes it a useful tool when designing low distortion amplifier systems, such as e.g. amplifiers in measurement systems. The presented THD correction can be used in e.g. amplifier systems that cooperate with arbitrary generators.
Keywords: Prony method, signal processing, harmonics, measurements.
© 2012 Polish Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved
Full paper (PDF, 641kB) |
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COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIANTS OF GABOR-WIGNER TRANSFORM FOR CROSS-TERM REDUCTION
Muhammad Ajab1), Imtiaz Ahmad Taj1), Nabeel Ali Khan2)
1) Muhammad Ali Jinnah University (MAJU), Islamabad, Pakistan (ajabatcop@yahoo.com)
2) Federal Urdu University (FUUAST), Islamabad, Pakistan
Abstract
Gabor Wigner Transform (GWT) is a composition of two time-frequency planes (Gabor Transform (GT) and Wigner Distribution (WD)), and hence GWT takes the advantages of both transforms (high resolution of WD and cross-terms free GT). In multi-component signal analysis where GWT fails to extract auto-components, the marriage of signal processing and image processing techniques proved their potential to extract autocomponents. The proposed algorithm maintained the resolution of auto-components. This work also shows that the Fractional Fourier Transform (FRFT) domain is a powerful tool for signal analysis. Performance analysis of modified fractional GWT reveals that it provides a solution of cross-terms of WD and blurring of GT.
Keywords: Wigner Distribution, Gabor Transform, Gabor Wigner Transform, Fractional Fourier Transform.
© 2012 Polish Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved
Full paper (PDF, 634kB) |
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A KEY METRIC AND ITS CALCULATION MODELS FOR A CONTINUOUS DIAGNOSIS CAPABILITY BASE DEPENDENCY MATRIX
Jun-You Shi, Xie-Gui Lin, Meng Shi
School of Reliability and System Engineering, Beihang University, Xueyuan Road 37, 100191 Beijing, China(jy.shi@yahoo.com, +86 13661097725, linxg@dse.buaa.edu.cn, meng.shi016@gmail.com)
Abstract
This paper is devoted to measuring the continuous diagnosis capability of a system. A key metric and its calculation models are proposed enabling us to measure the continuous diagnosis capability of a system directly without establishing and searching the sequential fault tree (SFT) of the system. At first a description of a D matrix is given and its metric is defined to determine the weakness of a continuous diagnosis. Then based on the definition of a sequential fault combination, a sequential fault tree (SFT) is defined with its establishment process summarized. A key SFT metric is established to measure the continuous diagnosis capability of a system. Two basic types of dependency graphical models (DGMs) and one combination type of DGM are selected for characteristics analysis and establishment of metric calculation models. Finally, both the SFT searching method and direct calculation method are applied to two designs of one type of an auxiliary navigation equipment, which shows the high efficiency of the direct calculation method.
Keywords: fault diagnosis, dependency matrix, measurement.
© 2012 Polish Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved
Full paper (PDF, 3522kB) |
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NETWORKED OBJECT MONITOR - A DISTRIBUTED SYSTEM FOR MONITORING, DIAGNOSTICS AND CONTROL OF COMPLEX INDUSTRIAL FACILITIES
Zdzisław Kowalczuk, Jakub Wszołek
Gdansk University of Technology, Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Information, Department of Decision Systems, Gabriela Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdansk-Wrzeszcz, Poland (kova@pg.gda.pl, +48 22 432 7721, kubawszolek@gmail.com, +48 22 432 7721)
Abstract
The paper puts forward a method of designing and creating a complete computer system for monitoring and diagnosis of business and industrial facilities, as well as for control purposes. The proposed solution represents a computer-network system being a practical tool for communication, control and management of modern plants and enterprises. The applied concept of communication, based on the Service Oriented Architecture (SOA), makes a new attempt to solve certain performance problems met when using a (previously developed) Networked Object Monitor (NOM). The principal idea of increasing the performance of NOM lies in employing a common data bus, refereed to as a Diagnostic Service Bus (DSB), in the NOM monitor. The paper also describes a preliminary concept of a network description language (SMOL), which is designed to describe the functions, mechanisms, and network devices and to be a basis for simulation and verification of the NOMmonitor function.
Keywords: diagnostics of industrial facilities, diagnostic service bus, network object monitor.
© 2012 Polish Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved
Full paper (PDF, 697kB) |
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STRESS AND STRAIN MEASUREMENTS IN STATIC TENSILE TESTS
Stanisław Adamczak, Jerzy Bochnia, Czesław Kundera
Kielce University of Technology, Chair of Mechanical Technology and Metrology, Al. 1000-lecia P. P. 7, 25-314 Kielce, Poland, (adamczak@tu.kielce.pl, +48 41 3424477, jbochnia@tu.kielce.pl, kundera@tu.kielce.pl)
Abstract
The paper deals with the accuracy of measurements of strains (elongation and necking) and stresses (tensile strength) in static room-temperature tensile strength tests. We present methods for calculating measurement errors and uncertainties, and discuss the determination of the limiting errors of the quantities measured for circular and rectangular specimens, which is illustrated with examples.
Keywords: static tensile strength test, measurement error, measurement uncertainty.
© 2012 Polish Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved
Full paper (PDF, 619kB) |
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THE INFLUENCE OF METHOD OF POINT COLLECTION ON RESULTS WITH THE USE OF A MEASURING ARM
Eugeniusz Ratajczyk1), Michał Rak2), Tomasz Kowaluk2)
1) University of Ecology and Management in Warsaw, Wawelska 14, 02-061 Warsaw, Poland (erat@mchtr.pw.edu.pl)
2) Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Mechatronics, A. Boboli 8, 02-525 Warsaw, Poland (M.Rak@mchtr.pw.edu.pl, T.Kowaluk@mchtr.pw.edu.pl)
Abstract
Comparison studies of different measurement methods using a Coordinate Measuring Arm are presented. Studies were divided into two parts. The first was point measurements of contact and pseudo-scanning contact measurements. The second part consisted of point measurements of contact and non-contact scanning measurements. Contact research (point measurements and the pseudo-scanning) were accomplished with the use of PowerINSPECT software, whereas non-contact with use of Focus Handheld and Focus Inspection software. Handheld Focus was used to collect a point cloud and its processing, while the detection of set elements was made using the second software from the group of Focus. According to the developed procedure for both parts sample elements with known nominal values were measured (available CAD model of object of research). It became the basis for examining whether there are statistically significant differences between results of different methods in both parts. Statistical comparison of measurement methods was carried out using four tests: Comparison of Means, Comparison of Standard Deviations, Comparison of Medians and a Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test.
Keywords: scanning, pseudo-scanning, measuring arm.
© 2012 Polish Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved
Full paper (PDF, 816kB) |
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LASER DIODE DISTANCE MEASURING INTERFEROMETER - METROLOGICAL PROPERTIES
Marek Dobosz
Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Mechatronics, Institute of Metrology and Biomedical Engineering, Św. A. Boboli 8, 02-525 Warsaw, Poland (dobosz@mchtr.pw.edu.pl, +48 22 234 8347)
Abstract
A novel laser diode based length measuring interferometer for scientific and industrial metrology is presented. Wavelength the stabilization system applied in the interferometer is based on the optical wedge interferometer. Main components of the interferometer such as: laser diode stabilization assembly, photodetection system, measuring software, air parameters compensator and base optical assemblies are described. Metrological properties of the device such as resolution, measuring range, repeatability and accuracy are characterized.
Keywords: diode laser, wavelength stabilization, interferometer, interferometer distance measurement.
© 2012 Polish Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved
Full paper (PDF, 1431kB) |
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LASER FREQUENCY COUNTING AND FREQUENCY MODULATION WIDTH MEASUREMENT FROM A FFT SIGNAL
Petr Křen
Czech Metrology Institute, V Botanice 4, CZ15072 Prague 5, Czech Republic (pkren@cmi.cz, +420 257 288 388)
Abstract
A new method of optical frequency beat counting based on fast Fourier transform (FFT) analysis is described. Signals with a worse signal-to-noise ratio can be counted correctly comparing to the conventional counting method of detecting each period separately. The systematic error of FFT counting below 10 Hz is demonstrated and can be decreased. Additionally the modulation width of a frequency-stabilized laser with high frequency modulation index can be simultaneously measured during a carrier frequency measurement against an optical frequency synthesizer or other laser.
Keywords: laser, modulation width, frequency measurement, optical frequency synthesizer.
© 2012 Polish Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved
Full paper (PDF, 1165kB) |
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UNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS OF MEASURING SYSTEM FOR INSTANTANEOUS POWER RESEARCH
Ariel Dzwonkowski, Leon Swędrowski
Gdansk University of Technology, Faculty of Electrical and Control Engineering, ul. Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland (a.dzwonkowski@ely.pg.gda.pl, +48 58 347 17 78, l.swedrowski@ely.pg.gda.pl, +48 58 347 17 26)
Abstract
The electrical power drawn by an induction motor is distorted in case of appearance of a certain type of failures. Under spectral analysis of the instantaneous power one obtains the components which are connected with definite types of damage. An analysis of the amplitudes and frequencies of the components allows to recognize the type of fault.
The paper presents a metrological analysis of the measurement system used for diagnosis of induction motor bearings, based on the analysis of the instantaneous power.
This system was implemented as a set of devices with dedicated software installed on a PC. A number of measurements for uncertainty estimation was carried out. The results of the measurements are presented in the paper. The results of the aforementioned analysis helped to determine the measurement uncertainty which can be expected during bearing diagnostic measurements, by the method relying on measurement and analysis of the instantaneous power of an induction machine.
Keywords: measuring system, metrological analysis, power measurements, measurement uncertainty, induction motor diagnostics.
© 2012 Polish Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved
Full paper (PDF, 653kB) |
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IN-SITU AUTOMATIC OBSERVATIONS OF ICE THICKNESS OF SEAS
Yinke Dou1), Xiaomin Chang2)
1) College of Electrical and Power Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, China (douyinke@sina.com)
2) Institute of Measuring and Controlling, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, China
Abstract
Ice thickness is one of the most critical physical indicators in the ice science and engineering. It is therefore very necessary to develop in-situ automatic observation technologies of ice thickness. This paper proposes the principle of three new technologies of in-situ automatic observations of sea ice thickness and provides the findings of laboratory applications. The results show that the in-situ observation accuracy of the monitor apparatus based on the Magnetostrictive Delay Line (MDL) principle can reach ±2 mm, which has solved the "bottleneck" problem of restricting the fine development of a sea ice thermodynamic model, and the resistance accuracy of monitor apparatus with temperature gradient can reach the centimeter level and research the ice and snow substance balance by automatically measuring the glacier surface ice and snow change. The measurement accuracy of the capacitive sensor for ice thickness can also reach ±4 mm and the capacitive sensor is of the potential for automatic monitoring the water level under the ice and the ice formation and development process in water. Such three new technologies can meet different needs of fixed-point ice thickness observation and realize the simultaneous measurement in order to accurately judge the ice thickness.
Keywords: ice thickness, observation, MDL, resistance, capacitive induction.
© 2012 Polish Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved
Full paper (PDF, 731kB) |
THERMAL MODEL OF SELECTED PARTS OF HUMAN HAND AND THERMAL TOUCH SCREEN FOR THE BLIND
Krzysztof Boroń, Andrzej Kos
University of Science and Technology, Department of Electronics, Al. Mickiewicza 30 C3/013, 30-059 Cracow, Poland (boron@agh.edu.pl, kos@agh.edu.pl, +48 126174631)
Abstract
In this article, the authors present a model and a method of determining thermal parameters of a single point of the thermal touch screen for the blind and thermal parameters of selected parts of a human hand. Blind people, by using this device can "see" a pattern of dots by feeling hot spots. The thermal touch screen for the blind was used as a calorimeter and enables to calculate the amount of heat provided to a finger at a temperature ranging from 8°C to 52°C, that is the full range of temperature detected by humans. The authors designated thermal conductivity and heat capacity of both Peltier micromodule and parts of the user's hand. Results of the presented research allow optimizing the construction of the thermal touch screen for the blind and may be helpful for
thermal modelling of the human body.
Keywords: thermal modelling, thermal management, thermoelectric devices.
© 2012 Polish Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved
Full paper (PDF, 1263kB) |
HIGH FREQUENCY METROLOGY FOR INTRACARDIAC ABLATION: IN-VIVO RESULTS
Amar Rouane1), Paul Bru2)
1) Université de Lorraine, LIEN, EA3440, Nancy, 54000, France (amar.rouane@lien.uhp-nancy.fr, +33383684157);
2) Saint Louis Hospital, Cardiology Department, 17019 La Rochelle; France (paul.bru@ch-larochelle.fr; +33546456641)
Abstract
Cardiac Radiofrequency (RF) ablation is a commonly used clinical procedure for treating many cardiac
arrhythmias. However, the efficacy of RF ablation may be limited by two factors: small ventricular lesions and impedance rise, leading to coagulum formation and desiccation of tissue. In this paper, a high frequency (HF) energy ablation system operating at 27.12 MHz based on an automated load matching system was developed. A HF energy matched probe associated to the automated impedance matching device ensures optimal transfer of the energy to the load. The aim of this study was to evaluate this energy for catheter ablation of the atrioventricular junction.
In vivo studies were performed using 10 sheep to characterize the lesions created with the impedance matching system. No cardiac perforation was noted. No thrombus was observed at the catheter tip. Acute lesions ranged from 3 to 45 mm in diameter (mean ±SD = 10.3±10) and from 1 to 15 mm in depth (6.7±3.9), exhibiting a close relationship between HF delivered power level and lesion size. Catheter ablation using HF current is feasible and appears effective in producing a stable AV block when applied at the AV junction and large myocardial lesions at ventricular sites.
Keywords: impedance matching, voltage measurement cell, current measurement cell, high frequency energy.
© 2012 Polish Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved
Full paper (PDF, 817kB) |
NEW COMPENSATION SCHEME OF MAGNETO-OPTICAL CURRENT SENSOR FOR TEMPERATURE STABILITY IMPROVEMENT
Jinling Chen1), Hongbin Li1), Mingming Zhang1), Yan Zhang2)
1) Huahzong University of Science and Technology, Rd-Luoyu 1037, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China (jlfocus@163.com)
2) Liaoning University of Technology, St-Shiying 169, D-Guta, Jinzhou, Liaoning, 121001, China
Abstract
A novel magneto-optical current sensor (MOCS) with two sensing arms is proposed to improve the temperature stability. One of the arms, with a highly stable permanent magnet attached and orthogonal to the other one, is designed to provide a reference that follows the temperature characteristics of the sensing material. By a normalization operation between two arms, the temperature drift is compensated adaptively and a sensing output proportional to the measured current can be reached. A dual-input and dual-output structure is specially designed for the reference sensing arm to demodulate the DC Faraday rotation angle. This scheme compensates simultaneously two main temperature influence factors, the Verdet constant and linear birefringence. Validation tests were carried out and are discussed.
Keywords: magneto-optical current sensor, normalization, Verdet constant, birefringence.
© 2012 Polish Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved
Full paper (PDF, 714kB) |
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