POLISH ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Division IV: Engineering Sciences

Committee on Metrology
and Scientific Instrumentation
VOLUME XX - NUMBER 2/2013 [previous] [next]

CONTENTS

1. Martyniuk P., Gawron W., Madejczyk P., Rogalski A., Piotrowski J. - Modeling of HgCdTeLWIR detector for high operation temperature conditions159
2. Sroka R., Gajda J., Zeglen T., Burnos P. - The influence of temperature on errors of wim systems employing piezoelectric sensor171
3. Barna A., Foldes I., Gingl Z., Mingesz R. - Compact energy measuring system for short pulse lasers183
4. Kish L. - Enhanced secure key exchange systems based on the Johnson - Noise scheme191
5. Piasecka M. - Determination of the temperature field using liquid crystal thermography and analysis of twophase flow structures in research on boiling heat transfer in a minichannel205
6. Dvurechenskaya N., Bajurko P.R., Zieliński R.J., Yashchyshyn Y. - Measurements of shielding effectiveness of textile materials containing metal by the free-space transmission technique with data processing in the time domain217
7. Pełczyński P., Ostrowski B. - Automatic calibration of stereoscopic cameras in an electronic travel aid for the blind229
8. Voigt V., Knappe-Grüneberg S., Schnabel A., Körber R., Burghoff M. - Measures to reduce the residual field and field gradient inside a magnetically shielded room by a factor of more than 10239
9. Sienkowski S. - Estimation of random variable distribution parameters by the monte carlo method249
10. Balci M.E., Hocaoglu M.H. - A current decomposition-based method for computationally efficient implementation of power resolution meters in non-sinusoidal single-phase systems263
11. Kang L., Zhao L., Zhou J., Liu S., Qi An - A 128-channel high precision time measurement module275
12. Cieszczyk S. - A multi-band integrated virtual calibration-inversion method for open path ftir spectrometry287
13. Blaszczyk K., Chudy M., Brzozka Z., Dybko A. - Lab-on-a-chip microdevice with contactless conductivity detector299
14. Li X., Xie Y., Bi D., Ao Y. - Kalman filter based method for fault diagnosis of analog circuits307

ABSTRACTS

159 contents

Modeling of HgCdTe LWIR detector for high operation temperature conditions


P. Martyniuk1), W. Gawron1), P. Madejczyk1), A. Rogalski1), J. Piotrowski2)

1) Institute of Applied Physics, Military University of Technology, 2 Kaliskiego Str., 00-908 Warsaw, Poland (pmartyniuk@wat.edu.pl, +48 22 6839673)
2) Vigo System S.A., 129/133 Poznańska Str., 05-850 Ożarów Mazowiecki, Poland (wgawron@wat.edu.pl, +48 22 6839673)

Abstract
The paper reports on the photoelectrical performance of the long wavelength infrared (LWIR) HgCdTe high operating temperature (HOT) detector. The detector structure was simulated with commercially available software APSYS by Crosslight Inc. taking into account SRH, Auger and tunnelling currents. A detailed analysis of the detector performance such as dark current, detectivity, time response as a function of device architecture and applied bias is performed, pointing out optimal working conditions.

Keywords: HgCdTe, IR detector, Auger suppression, HOT detectors.

© 2013 Polish Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved

Full paper (PDF, 1725kB)
171 contents

THE INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE ON ERRORS OF WIM SYSTEMS EMPLOYING PIEZOELECTRIC SENSORS

Janusz Gajda1), Ryszard Sroka1), Tadeusz Zeglen1), Piotr Burnos1)

1) AGH University of Science and Technology, Al. A. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland (jgajda@agh.edu.pl)

Abstract
The paper provides analysis of the influence of temperature on the error of weigh-in-motion (WIM) systems utilizing piezoelectric polymer load sensors. Results of tests of these sensors in a climatic chamber, as well as results of long-term tests at the WIM site, are presented. Different methods for correction of the influence of changes in temperature were assessed for their effectiveness and compared.

Keywords: piezoelectric sensors, temperature influence, temperature error of WIM systems, error correction.

© 2013 Polish Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved

Full paper (PDF, 1174kB)
183 contents

COMPACT ENERGY MEASURING SYSTEM FOR SHORT PULSE LASERS

A Barna1,2), I B Földes2), Z Gingl3), R Mingesz3)

1) University of Szeged, Department of Experimental Physics, Dóm tér 9., 6720 Szeged, Hungary (barna.angela@wigner.mta.hu, +36 62 544047 )
2) Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Association EURATOM HAS, P.O.B. 49, 1525 Budapest, Hungary (foldes.istvan@wigner.mta.hu)
3) Department of Technical Informatics, University of Szeged, Árpád tér 2., 6720 Szeged, Hungary (mingesz@inf.u-szeged.hu, gingl@inf.u-szeged.hu)

Abstract
In experiments with short-pulse lasers the measurement control of the energy of the laser pulse is of crucial importance. Generally it is difficult to measure the amplitude of the pulses of short-pulse lasers using electronic devices, their response time being longer than the duration of the laser pulses. The electric response of the detector is still too fast to be directly digitized therefore a peak-hold unit can be used to allow data processing for the computer. In this paper we present a device which measures the energy of UV short (fs) pulses shot-byshot, digitizes and sends the data to the PC across an USB interface. The circuit is based on an analog peak detect and hold unit and the use of fiber optical coupling between the PC and the device provides a significant improvement to eliminate potential ground loops and to reduce conductive and radiated noise as well. The full development is open source and has been made available to download from our web page (http://www.noise.inf.u-szeged.hu/Instruments/PeakHold/).

Keywords: laser energy, optical fiber, USB, peak-hold, UV short pulse, open-source.

© 2013 Polish Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved

Full paper (PDF, 748kB)
191 contents

ENHANCED SECURE KEY EXCHANGE SYSTEMS BASED ON THE JOHNSON-NOISE SCHEME

Laszlo Bela Kish

Texas A&M University, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College Station, TX 77843-3128, USA; (Laszlo.Kish@ece.tamu.edu)

Abstract
We introduce seven new versions of the Kirchhoff-Law-Johnson-(like)-Noise (KLJN) classical physical secure key exchange scheme and a new transient protocol for practically-perfect security. While these practical improvements offer progressively enhanced security and/or speed for non-ideal conditions, the fundamental physical laws providing the security remain the same.

In the "intelligent" KLJN (iKLJN) scheme, Alice and Bob utilize the fact that they exactly know not only their own resistor value but also the stochastic time function of their own noise, which they generate before feeding it into the loop. By using this extra information, they can reduce the duration of exchanging a single bit and in this way they achieve not only higher speed but also an enhanced security because Eve's information will significantly be reduced due to smaller statistics.

In the "multiple" KLJN (MKLJN) system, Alice and Bob have publicly known identical sets of different resistors with a proper, publicly known truth table about the bit-interpretation of their combination. In this new situation, for Eve to succeed, it is not enough to find out which end has the higher resistor. Eve must exactly identify the actual resistor values at both sides.

In the "keyed" KLJN (KKLJN) system, by using secure communication with a formerly shared key, Alice and Bob share a proper time-dependent truth table for the bit-interpretation of the resistor situation for each secure bit exchange step during generating the next key. In this new situation, for Eve to succeed, it is not enough to find out the resistor values at the two ends. Eve must also know the former key.

The remaining four KLJN schemes are the combinations of the above protocols to synergically enhance the security properties. These are: the "intelligent-multiple" (iMKLJN), the "intelligent-keyed" (iKKLJN), the "keyed-multiple" (KMKLJN) and the "intelligent-keyed-multiple" (iKMKLJN) KLJN key exchange systems.

Finally, we introduce a new transient-protocol offering practically-perfect security without privacy amplification, which is not needed in practical applications but it is shown for the sake of ongoing discussions.

Keywords: information theoretic security; unconditional security; practically perfect security; secure key distribution via wire; secure smart power grid.

© 2013 Polish Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved

Full paper (PDF, 562kB)
205 contents

DETERMINATION OF THE TEMPERATURE FIELD USING LIQUID CRYSTAL THERMOGRAPHY AND ANALYSIS OF TWO-PHASE FLOW STRUCTURES IN RESEARCH ON BOILING HEAT TRANSFER IN A MINICHANNEL

Magdalena Piasecka Kielce University of Technology, Department of Mechanics, Al. 1000-lecia P.P. 7, 25-314 Kielce, Poland, (tmpmj@tu.kielce.pl, +48 41 3424320)

Abstract
The paper presents the application of liquid crystal thermography for temperature determination and visualisation of two phase flow images on the studied surface. Properties and applications of thermochromic liquid crystals are discussed. Liquid crystals were applied for two-dimensional detection of the temperature of the heating foil forming one of the surfaces of the minichannel along which the cooling liquid flowed. The heat flux supplied to the heating surface was altered in the investigation and it was accompanied by a change in the color distribution on the surface. The accuracy of temperature measurements on the surface with liquid crystal thermography is estimated. The method of visualisation of two-phase flow structures is described. The analysis of monochrome images of flow structures was employed to calculate the void fraction for some cross-sections. The flow structure photos were processed using Corel graphics software and binarized. The analysis of phase volumes employed Techsystem Globe software. The measurement error of void fraction is estimated.

Keywords: temperature measurement, liquid crystal thermography, measurement accuracy, void fraction.

© 2013 Polish Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved

Full paper (PDF, 1624kB)
217 contents

MEASUREMENTS OF SHIELDING EFFECTIVENESS OF TEXTILE MATERIALS CONTAINING METAL BY THE FREE-SPACE TRANSMISSION TECHNIQUE WITH DATA PROCESSING IN THE TIME DOMAIN

Nadezhda Dvurechenskaya1), Paweł R. Bajurko2), Ryszard J. Zieliński1), Yevhen Yashchyshyn2)

1) Wroclaw University of Technology, Faculty of Electronics, Institute of Telecommunications, Teleinformatics and Acoustics, Janiszewskiego 7/9, 50-372 Wroclaw, Poland (Ryszard.Zielinski@pwr.wroc.pl, +48 71 320 3080)
2) Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Electronics and Information Technology, Institute of Radioelectronics, Nowowiejska 15/19, 00-665 Warsaw, Poland (P.Bajurko@ire.pw.edu.pl, E.Jaszczyszyn@ire.pw.edu.pl, +48 22 234 7795)

Abstract
The results of shielding effectiveness (SE) measurements of textile materials containing metal by the free-space transmission technique (FSTT) in the 1-26.5 GHz frequency range are presented in the paper. It is shown that experimental data processing using time-domain gating (TDG) makes it possible to effectively remove diffracted and reflected components from the desired signal. The comparison with the results obtained by other techniques, namely modified FSTT with TDG and coaxial line probe technique (ASTM D4935-99) is given. The comparison shows that the proposed technique gives more reasonable results while the measurement set-up is simpler in realization.

Keywords: textiles, shielding effectiveness, free-space transmission technique, time-domain gating.

© 2013 Polish Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved

Full paper (PDF, 1005kB)
229 contents

AUTOMATIC CALIBRATION OF STEREOSCOPIC CAMERAS IN AN ELECTRONIC TRAVEL AID FOR THE BLIND

Paweł Pełczyński1), Bartosz Ostrowski2)

1) Łódź University of Technology, Institute of Electronics, Wólczańska 211/215, 90-924 Łódź, Poland (pawel.pelczynski@p.lodz.pl, +48 42 631 26 17)
2) Łódź University of Technology, Institute of Electronics, Wólczańska 211/215, 90-924 Łódź, Poland (bartosz.ostrowski@p.lodz.pl)

Abstract
The article describes a technique developed for identification of extrinsic parameters of a stereovision camera system for the purpose of image rectification without the use of reference calibration objects. The goal of the presented algorithm is the determination of the mutual position of cameras, under the assumption that they can be modeled by pinhole cameras, are separated by a fixed distance and are moving through a stationary scene. The developed method was verified experimentally on image sequences of a scene with a known structure.

Keywords: stereovision, canonical setup, extrinsic parameters, image rectification, disparity.

© 2013 Polish Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved

Full paper (PDF, 733kB)
239 contents

Measures to reduce the residual field and field gradient inside a magnetically shielded room by a factor of more than 10

Jens Voigt, Silvia Knappe-Grüneberg, Allard Schnabel, Rainer Körber, and Martin Burghoff

Physikalisch-Technische-Bundesanstalt (PTB), Abbestr. 2-12, 10587 Berlin, Germany (jens.voigt@ptb.de, +49 30 3481 7716)

Abstract
Very low residual magnetic field and field gradients are essential for a number of high resolution fundamental physical experiments and for further improvement of very sensitive magnetic measurement devices. The scope ranges from spin precession experiments, e.g. with 3He or neutrons, to biomagnetic measurements, like magnetoencephalograms, and to low field MR spectroscopy. One method of reducing environmental magnetic noise is to use a magnetically shielded room (MSR). Here, measures are demonstrated to improve residual field and field gradient inside a common MSR by a factor of more than 10 by a specific degaussing procedure, material selection of prefabricated parts and active shielding. The process is independent of the shielding factor and works also properly for heavily shielded rooms.

Keywords: magnetic shielding, magnetic shielded room, msr, residual filed, residual field gradient, degaussing, demagnetization.

© 2013 Polish Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved

Full paper (PDF, 966kB)
249 contents

ESTIMATION OF RANDOM VARIABLE DISTRIBUTION PARAMETERS BY THE MONTE CARLO METHOD

Sergiusz Sienkowski

University of Zielona Góra, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Computer Science and Telecommunication, Institute of Electrical Metrology, Podgórna 50, 65-246 Zielona Góra, Poland (s.sienkowski@ime.uz.zgora.pl)

Abstract
The paper is concerned with issues of the estimation of random variable distribution parameters by the Monte Carlo method. Such quantities can correspond to statistical parameters computed based on the data obtained in typical measurement situations. The subject of the research is the mean, the mean square and the variance of random variables with uniform, Gaussian, Student, Simpson, trapezoidal, exponential, gamma and arcsine distributions.

Keywords: Monte Carlo method, mean, mean square, variance.

© 2013 Polish Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved

Full paper (PDF, 618kB)
263 contents

A CURRENT DECOMPOSITION-BASED METHOD FOR COMPUTATIONALLY EFFICIENT IMPLEMENTATION OF POWER RESOLUTION METERS IN NON-SINUSOIDAL SINGLE-PHASE SYSTEMS

Murat Erhan Balci1), Mehmet Hakan Hocaoglu2)

1) Balikesir University, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Balikesir 10145, Turkey (mbalci@balikesir.edu.tr, +90266 6121194)
2)Gebze Institute of Technology, Department of Electronics Engineering, Kocaeli, 41400, Turkey (hocaoglu@gyte.edu.tr,+90262 6052417)

Abstract
For non-sinusoidal single-phase systems, the classical apparent power has been divided into various components using different techniques. These power resolutions generally aim at to provide a tool for the accurate determination of the maximum power factor achievable with a passive compensator and to measure the load's nonlinearity degree. This paper presents a current decomposition-based methodology that can be employed for computationally efficient implementation of the widely recognized non-sinusoidal power resolutions. The proposed measurement method and the original expressions of the power resolutions are comparatively evaluated by considering their computational complexity. The results show that the proposed method has a significant advantage in terms of computational efficiency for the simultaneous measurements of the powers when compared with the original expressions. Finally, in this paper, a PC-based power meter is developed using the proposed measurement method via the LabVIEW programme.

Keywords: Power resolutions, non-sinusoidal conditions, single-phase systems, power meter.

© 2013 Polish Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved

Full paper (PDF, 546kB)
275 contents

A 128-CHANNEL HIGH PRECISION TIME MEASUREMENT MODULE

Longfei Kang1,2), Lei Zhao1,2), Jiawen Zhou1,2), Shubin Liu1,2), Qi An1,2)

1) State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China (zlei@ustc.edu.cn, +86 130 5309 6639)
2) Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China

Abstract
In the external target experiment for heavy ion collisions in the HIRFL-CSR, Multi-Wire Drift Chambers are used to measure the drift time of charged particles to obtain the track information. This 128-channel high precision time measurement module is designed to perform the time digitization. The data transfer is based on a PXI interface to guarantee a high data rate. Test results show that a 100 ps resolution with a data transfer rate up to 40 MBps has been achieved; this module has also been proven to function well with the detector through a commissioning test.

Keywords: high precision, time measurement, PXI, data transfer, commissioning test.

© 2013 Polish Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved

Full paper (PDF, 678kB)
287 contents

A MULTI-BAND INTEGRATED VIRTUAL CALIBRATION-INVERSION METHOD FOR OPEN PATH FTIR SPECTROMETRY

Sławomir Cięszczyk

Lublin University of Technology, Institute of Electronics and Information Technology, Nadbystrzycka 38A, 20-618 Lublin, Poland (s.cieszczyk@pollub.pl, +48 815384311)

Abstract
This paper addresses problems arising from in situ measurement of gas content and temperature. Such measurements can be considered indirect. Transmittance or natural radiation of a gas is measured directly. The latter method (spectral radiation measurement) is often called spectral remote sensing. Its primary uses are in astronomy and in the measurement of atmospheric composition. In industrial processes, in situ spectroscopic measurements in the plant are often made with an open path Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectrometer. The main difficulty in this approach is related to the calibration process, which often cannot be carried out in the manner used in the laboratory. Spectral information can be obtained from open path spectroscopic measurements using mathematical modeling, and by solving the inverse problem. Determination of gas content based on spectral measurements requires comparison of the measured and modeled spectra. This paper proposes a method for the simultaneous use of multiple lines to determine the gas content. The integrated absorptions of many spectral lines permits calculation of the average band absorption. An inverse model based on neural networks is used to determine gas content based on mid-infrared spectra at variable temperatures.

Keywords: FTIR, in situ spectroscopy, open path, process diagnostics.

© 2013 Polish Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved

Full paper (PDF, 573kB)
299 contents

LAB-ON-A-CHIP MICRODEVICE WITH CONTACTLESS CONDUCTIVITY DETECTOR

Karolina Blaszczyk, Michal Chudy, Zbigniew Brzozka, Artur Dybko

Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Microbioanalytics, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland (kblaszczyk@ch.pw.edu.pl, +48 22 234 57-57)

Abstract
This paper describes a new contactless conductivity detector, whose electrodes are constructed of microchannels filled with solution of KCl - called pseudoelectrodes. The lab-on-a-chip microdevice was fabricated in poly(dimethylsiloxane) PDMS, using a moulding technique. The mould was made from a dry negative photoresist with a thickness of 50 µm. During the tests, the dimension and arrangement of pseudoelectrodes' microchannels were evaluated. The analyte was pumped into the microchannel using a syringe pump with a flow rate of 50 µL/min. Reproducible changes of the signal were obtained.

Keywords: lab-on-a-chip, poly(dimethylsiloxane), contactless conductivity, pseudoelectrodes, microfluidic.

© 2013 Polish Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved

Full paper (PDF, 702kB)
307 contents

KALMAN FILTER BASED METHOD FOR FAULT DIAGNOSIS OF ANALOG CIRCUITS

Xifeng Li, Yongle Xie, Dongjie Bi, Yongcai Ao

School of Automation Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China (yonglexie@hotmail.com. +86-13708083375, xfengl@hotmail.com, bidongjie1985@126.com, darrenao@hotmail.com)

Abstract
This paper presents a Kalman filter based method for diagnosing both parametric and catastrophic faults in analog circuits. Two major innovations are presented, i.e., the Kalman filter based technique, which can significantly improve the efficiency of diagnosing a fault through an iterative structure, and the Shannon entropy to mitigate the influence of component tolerance. Both these concepts help to achieve higher performance and lower testing cost while maintaining the circuit.s functionality. Our simulations demonstrate that using the Kalman filter based technique leads to good results of fault detection and fault location of analog circuits. Meanwhile, the parasitics, as a result of enhancing accessibility by adding test points, are reduced to minimum, that is, the data used for diagnosis is directly obtained from the system primary output pins in our method. The simulations also show that decision boundaries among faulty circuits have small variations over a wide range of noise-immunity requirements. In addition, experimental results show that the proposed method is superior to the test method based on the subband decomposition combined with coherence function, arisen recently.

Keywords: Analog fault diagnosis, signature extraction, Kalman filter, Shannon entropy.

© 2013 Polish Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved

Full paper (PDF, 711kB)